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The Risks In Finance And The Basel Guidelines Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

What is finance? Finance is all about the knowledge of funds management. Simply speaking, to finance something is the same as to fund something. The funds can be in form of loans, bonds, owned capital, shares, etc (anything that can generate funds legally). So in finance, we learn anything that directly or indirectly related to funds management. Whether it is interest rate, time value of money, the calculation of risk, how to measure movement of share price, etc. All of these are related to finance. Direct Finance. Direct finance comprises of every direct transaction on the financial market, transaction with no middleman or agent. For example: Shareholders buy share to fund a company or buy government bonds to finance the government. Another example of direct finance is the internal capital market of multinational organizations. Semi direct Finance: The bank acts like an agent or intermediate party. In return, they receive fee/commission for the transaction. Banks dont take position in the transaction; they strictly serve as a middleman and therefore are free from the risks that the transaction bears. Indirect Finance In indirect finance, which most people referred to as banking, banks take the direction/initiatives of all of activities. For example they receive money from households and lend it to organizations. Its not the household decision anymore how to use the money (for financing purpose); therefore we call it indirect. For example: Households save their deposit into bank in return of interest and the bank decide to loan the money to others (person, organization, company, etc) at higher interest rate (the difference becomes the banks profit). That way the bank will make a profit. In other case, the bank can choose to enter the stock market or buying bonds of its own choosing, etc in order to generate profit. This is the basic of banking. Many different kinds of risks exposed to the bank. Banks are exposed to many risks such as: Liquidity risk. Liquidity risk means that a given asset cant be sold quickly enough in the market to avoid a loss. This is the case when illiquid assets have to be sold in a short term. This is similar with cash flow insolvency. For example: Properties (hard to sell without incurring a loss at a short period of time). Liquidity risk can also mean that a bank isnt capable of paying her debts at a short term (similar to cash flow insolvency). This is different with balance sheet insolvency (negative net assets, therefore unable to pay). A bank maybe balance sheet solvent but still exposed to liquidity risk if it holds lots of illiquid assets. For example: Northern Rock (a perfect example of bank run). A bank run happens when large number of bank customers withdraw their deposits at the same period of time because of the fear the bank is unable to pay. In Northern Rock case, when the global demand for securitised mortgages droppe d in August 2007, Northern Rock became unable to pay back the loans from the money market with money which should have been raised from securitisation. On 14 September 2007, the bank obtained a liquidity support facility from the Bank of England, to return the funds it was unable to get from the money market. The banks assets were enough to cover its liabilities, but it suffered from liquidity problem. Because of this news, Northern Rock suffered a bank run and needed government intervention to guarantee its customers money. Later on, Northern Rock is nationalized. Credit risk/ counterparty risk/ default risk. It can be defined as any loss in the market value due to different reasons. It means as an investors risk of loss arising from a borrower who fails to make payments as promised. Or, it can also mean the loss because of the difference in firm value/ company value because the bank credit rating (one of the example) collapsed due to something happening within the bank (borr ower fails to pay up, bad management, etc)/ indirectly related to the bank. Market risk. Market risk is the risk that the value of a portfolio, going to decrease because of the change in value of the market risk factors. In case this happens, the bank will occur a loss. The four main factors are stock prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and commodity prices. Therere 4 different kinds of market risk, such as: Equity risk, the risk that stock prices will change. Foreign exchange rate risk, the risk that foreign exchange rates will change. Interest rate risk, the risk that interest rates will change. Commodity prices, the risk that commodity prices will change. Operational risk. Operational risk is the failure of the people of the procedures of the systems. For example the mistyped case (fat finger) or simply known as typo. Example: Buying shares for $500, but instead mistypes it once so it becomes $5000. One of the biggest examples of operatio nal risk is Barings Bank, collapsed in 1995 after its employees, Nick Leeson, lost $1.3 billion speculating primarily on futures contracts and subsequently lost it all. Leeson was able to operate with no supervision from head office because of the banks poor internal auditing and risk management practices. Another type of operational risk is legal risk. In order to operate, the bank must operate based on the government rules and regulation. This is how the legal risk arises. It is a risk that arises when the bank is not in compliance with government regulation and therefore hinders it to enter a transaction or to operate. It includes the time and money wasted for the legal proceedings (or as a result of it, such as opportunity lost, etc) that the bank must endure in case it is accused of illegal conduct (or vice versa). It is one of the greatest challenges for managers to make their bank in compliance with government regulation. It is very difficult to predict the size of legal r isk. Its also very bad for the banks reputation. Settlement risk Settlement risk can be described as the risk that a counterparty fails to deliver a security or its value in cash per agreement when the security was traded after the other counterparty have already delivered security or cash value per the trade agreement. For example: Foreign exchange settlement risk or simply known as Herstatt risk. On 26th June 1974, some banks had undertaken foreign exchange transactions with Herstatt and had already paid Deutsche Mark to the bank during the day, believing they would receive US dollars later the same day in the US from Herstatts US nostro. But at the end of banking day, Herstatts topped all dollar payments to counterparties. As a result, the banks license was withdrawn because of a shortage of income and capital to make up for liabilities that were due. Reputational risk. Reputational risk is a type of risk related to the reliability of company. It may result in lost revenue or damage to shareholder value, ignoring to the fact whether the bank is actually guilty or not. Its about the image of the bank. Therefore, its related to many risks. If the bank is unable to settle its transaction (transaction risk) or have bad operation (operation risk) or making a big loss in financial market because of market risk, they all can damage the banks reputation, etc. Any kind of actions, wrongdoings, news that can have negative impact to the bank (whether its directly or indirectly (such as counterparties or investors bad reputation) related to the bank) can be considered as reputational risk. Therefore, reputational risk is closely related to the other risk. Other risks. There are many other risks that are exposed to the bank but havent been described in the lecture yet, such as systemic risk (risk of the collapse of entire financial system/entire market. Example: Lehman brothers (almost happening)), profit risk, and volatility risk (the risk that ari ses because the likelihood of fluctuations in the exchange rate of currencies). Saving mechanisms. Lender of last resort. Lender of last resort, as the name speaks for itself, is an organization which is willing to lend money to a bank when theres no alternative left. Usually banks want to avoid doing this, because it is damaging to the banks reputation and shows that the bank is in some sort of trouble (like what happen to Northern Rock, once they asked the Bank of England to bail them out, they suffered a bank rush). Most of the time, lender of last resort is the central bank of the country. Deposit insurance system. Every bank has to put a small percentage/portion of every deposit that its customers made in an insurance pool that is used to back up the customers deposit. This is useful when a bank has some liquidity problems, customers dont need to be a scared to lose all their money. But put in mind that the portion is relatively small. Maybe it can cover small banks, but not the big one. Capital adequacy. Banks are obliged to have minimum capital requirements to prevent them from failing. The more capital they have, the safer they are to meet their financial demands and obligations (because capital is their own money and they can use it for their own needs and demands). Bad banks. Bad bank is a term for financial institution that are created to keep the nonperforming assets owned by a state guaranteed bank. Bad banks are legal institutions that are used to isolate toxic products in order to save the healthy part of the bank. It is sometimes used to save the majority of the banks. Intentionally lose the bank in order to keep the others safe and afloat. Government bailout. Sometimes the government put themselves in, bailing the bank, financial institution, etc, in order to save the financial market (or in bigger case, the nations economy itself) from crisis and prevent it from systemic risk / collapsing. Capital Adequacy (Lecture 2). Basel I: Basel I is discussions by central bankers around the world in the year 1988 and resulted in a set of guideliness about minimal capital requirements for banks in case they want to lend their money . It was used by the G-10 countries before a more advanced guideliness made (notably Basel II). How Basel I works? Basel I implies that every time a bank makes a loan to other institution (then in balance sheet of the bank it is put on debit side by nature), the bank needs to have certain amount of equity on its credit side as a backup in case the loan gone bad. Example: If you give loan for $100 and put $100 on your asset side (left side of balance sheet), youll need to have 8 (as example) as equity on the liability side (right side of balance sheet. This 8 is different for different type of assets. Lending to government is much safer than lending money to corporation. How to differentiate it? We use risk weight. Example: If the lender is government, we use risk weight of 0% ( we assume the government is perfectly safe). For bank we use a risk weight of 20%. For mortgage loan we use a risk weight of 50%. For company, which is the riskiest of them all, we use full weight (100%) to calculate the equity needed to backup the loan. Bottom line is the bank differ the equity needed to cover up the loan based on whos borrowing it (government being the safest and therefore have 0% risk weight, company being the most risky and therefore have 100% risk weight. And therefore we have the risk weighted assets of banks. Calculated as the different types of assets that bank has, multiply by the risk rate, then multiply by the predetermined equity that needs to be keep (in this case $8 for every $100 of loan). Example: Loan of $100 to government (asset side), then, equity needed = $8 X 0% = $0 (liability side). Loan of $100 to company, then, equity needed = $8 X 100% = $8 and so on. Amendment 1996: Capital has to be set aside for Market Risk. In Basel I there was no rule for modeling. The only thing we did was classifying. Bank need to look this amendment and make a benchmark model for its own use. Translate it into percentage of returns. Create a histogram and cut off the tail (1% probability mass). The position of cut off tail is the value at risk (VAR). It determines which position is accepted and which one is below standard and therefore imposed to extra charge. It is a quantile of distribution. It is the base on which the capital set aside for market risk is calculated. Now bank has to model the changes in the value of the portfolio of the company/ borrower. If a company exceeds this VAR (loss is bigger than VAR) by 1%, then the company performs well. If it exceeds 1%, then company will receive an extra capital charge. Usually the multiplier is 3 (can be more). Bank has to present this model to the regulator. Basel II Basel II is an improved second version of Basel I. Basel II had undergone many proposal and updates as well as received much response. Quantitative impact studies ƒ   banks implement Basel II on a trial basis to check if it has an impact on their capital etc. There are 3 main point need to be stressed out on Basel II, such as: First pillar: Capital adequacy. Basel II still keeps the 1996 amendment with respect to market risk. Banks still have to keep capital aside for credit risk. Credit risk can be calculated in 3 ways component can be calculated in three different ways, such standardized approach, foundation IRB and advanced IRB. In standardized approach, risk weights are different for each individual borrower in each group. So now there is a credit rating (which is generated by external parties) which is different for each category. Lending to blue-chip company is absolutely safer than lending money to small unknown company. This is what Basel I lacks . The borrower is regrouped 2 times, therefore it is more accurate (we simply multiply the equity needed one more time based on the borrower rating which holds different rate of multiplier). Alternatively, bank can use Internal Rating-Based approach (banks are allowed to model the default probabilities of their own customers) was proposed. Second pillar: supervisory review. All banks have to model their economic capital and regulatory capital (the capital that the bank has to maintain in compliance with the law). Moreover, banks operate on the economic capital (their working condition), which (usually) is above the legal minimum. It gives the regulators much improved instruments compared to Basel I and framework to deal with the risk that a bank may face such as reputational risk, systemic risk, etc. It gives bank the ability to examine its own risk management system. Third pillar: market discipline, which means accounting disclosure. The idea is that we can safeguard banks if we let them disclose the riskiness of their positions. Bank needs to have a system in place to at least produce these numbers. By opening up their position, banks will be more thoughtful and careful in their actions. And regulator can keep track of them as well. 2.1. Financial market products. There are a lot of financial products; all has its own characteristic and classification. Examples of financial products are: Shares equity: : Certificates that represent that an investor has already invested in some form of investments (in the form of a company, etc) and therefore he/ she owns a portion of that investment and any underlying asset beneath it and entitled to claim any gains from that investment. Bonds: Certificates that represent money a government or corporation has borrowed from other entities. T-bills (Treasury Bills): Short term debt obligation guaranteed by the US Government with maturity of less than a year. Options: A contract that provides the buyer with the right to buy or to sell an underlying asset at a specific price during a specified time period. Futures: Contract between 2 parties to buy/ sell a standardized asset at specified future date with the price agreed today. Forwards: Same as futures with the exception that they are not exc hange-traded or standardized. Swaps: Agreement between parties to swap the benefits of their financial instrument. For example: In bonds, both parties agree to swap the coupon payments related with the bonds. Both coupon payments can have different payment timing and value. Commodities: Sold in commodity market where primary/ raw products are exchanged. Can be in form of derivatives trading or direct physical trading. Commercial paper: Corporations short term debt instrument (1 to 270 days), usually used for  the  funding of accounts receivable,  inventories or to  meet short-term liabilities. Strips (Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal Securities), as the name speaks for itself, strips is a seperate trading for the interest / principal portion for the securities. It is cut into different pieces which are sold separately. By this, strips can also give buyer a tax advantage (typical in Belgium). Medium term notes: A debt note that matures in 5 -10 years (usually). Foreign Exchange (Forex): Over the counter financial market for trading currencies. Forex have been known to use spot transaction regularly. In contrast with derivatives, the buyer buy right now, pay within 2-3 days time and you get instruments at that same period as well. Life insurance: Contract between the policy owner and insurer that the insurer will pay a sum of money to the owner in case of events (death, critical illness, etc). In relation to finance market, life insurance policy is so often combined with investment (get insured and have investment, managed by the insurer), with the exception of pure protection life insurance. Asset Backed Securities: A security whose value and payments determined by a specifically designed pool of underlying asset, usually illiquid assets. Doing so will allowed the asset to be sold into the financial market, therefore comes the term securitization (making securities from illiquid asset). Mortgage Backed Secu rities: The same as Asset Backed Securities, instead the cash flows now comes mortgage loans (underlying asset). Convertible bonds: A bond that can be converted to common stock shares at equal value by the issuing company. Repo (repurchase agreement): Agreement that lets the seller to buy back the securities from the buyer at a later date (usually a short one). 70% of repos mature in less than 7 days. Interbank loan: Direct loans between two banks to cover up their financial needs using predetermined interest rates (LIBOR Rates, etc). Credit Default Swap: Swap contract between buyer and seller with the buyer pays a series of payments to sell as an exchange of payoff in case a credit event happens to a credit instrument that currently being swapped. As the name speaks for itself, it swaps the default risk from one party to another in turns of payment. Mutual funds: Collective investment funds, gathered from numerous amount of people, institution and company and is mana ged by a professional fund manager, usually a bank, insurance company or investment company (and therefore the manager collects commission from it). The fund manager then can decide where to invest the fund in the financial market and therefore forming a portfolio. They also have different taxing implication than others. These financial products can be classified into many types (highlighted with different color), such as: Derivative (green color) is a financial tool, an agreement between 2 parties to transact something else (underlying asset). Therefore, derivatives value is determined by its underlying asset. Example: Option to buy AA shares for $20. If share AA goes up to $30, the option is worth $10. If share AA goes $20 or below, the option worth nothing. Thats option it is dependent to the value of its underlying asset. Its a type of linear products that gives you win-lose situation when bought and have a timeframe in it for it to do some effect (to gain or to lose). Money market (yellow color) and Capital Market (blue color). The main difference between money market and capital market is in the time to maturity / time frame. Money market being relatively short term (less than 1 year) and capital market being relatively long term (more than 1 year). The rest of the products such as commodities and Forex are slightly different and therefore have their own categories. Thats all about the summary of first and second lecture of CAF. We hope you find it useful.

Analysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness - 1250 Words

Written in 1902, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness follows the character Marlow in his journey up the Congo River to find the mysterious Kurtz, an ivory trader. In the story, Conrad explores the issues of colonialism and imperialism. The Company has enslaved native Congolese to help them mine for ivory and rubber in the area. The Congolese experience brutal working conditions as the company profits off their free labor. Racism is evident throughout the story with Marlow calling the blacks â€Å"savages† and with the lack of dialogue for Congolese characters. Throughout the story, Conrad seems to suggest that imperialism and colonialism rise from greed, power struggle, and the need for wealth. He also seems to imply that imperialism and†¦show more content†¦This goes to show how these men do not respect the culture of Vietnam. They are just white Americans who seem only to care about themselves and their culture. This goes along perfectly with the commentary Cop pola is trying to make on imperialism. The country doing the imperialism (the United States) does not respect the natives. Furthermore, as the Americans descend into the village, Coppola emphasizes how they are disrupting the natives’ way of life in the scene. The kids were going to school when the Americans come and interrupt their lesson with a helicopter raid. This goes to show the negatives of imperialism by highlighting the effects on the youth. Moreover, the Americans seem to just be killing everyone in their way including innocent civilians. This goes to show how the Americans are the actually savages not the Congolese. They are just killing anyone in their way. Worst of all, this entire raid on the village is for one purpose, which is for them to go surfing. This is very self-centered and selfish. They disrupted an entire village and killed so many people just to go to the beach. Unlike in the book, the Americans committed this act for the power to surf not for any mo netary reasons. This scene exemplifies the horrors of imperialism, showing how power is corrupt. In addition to the helicopter raid, Coppola creates a scene with the Americans opening fire on a boat with nativesShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1504 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol over others and can be found in both people and objects. In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness the main character and narrator Marlow identifies a force within ivory that conveys a sense power within the enigmatic Mr. Kurtz. The African ivory trade was flourishing in the early 1900’s. Obtaining the precious object transformed some into greedy connoisseurs with endless intentions to get their hands on all of the continents ivory. Conrad shows that the power that is emitted from the ivory falls intoRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s The Heart Of Darkness 1801 Words   |  8 PagesAlly Jones Professor Smith English 1302 November 18, 2014 Female Roles in Joseph Conrad s the Heart of Darkness: In regards to Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, many literature reviews focus on the motifs of Imperialism, the symbolism of darkness and fog, or the aspect of racism in Conrad’s work. During the era which Conrad wrote, England was going through the Victorian Era, which was marked by a shift in views on morality. The term â€Å"Victorian morality† is used today to describe values whichRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness 1713 Words   |  7 PagesMonth: January 2014 Name: Faris Khan Period: 3 Title: Heart of Darkness Author: Joseph Conrad Date started/date completed: 1/19 - 1/28 Pages read: 96/96 (Including the ten page introduction, 106/96) Rating of book (1-10): 9/10 Above you rated this book. Explain in detail why you gave this book that score: Author Joseph Conrad uses a very interesting method of narration in his novel, Heart of Darkness. The novel itself is written in first person, from the perspective of an unnamed sailor aboardRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness 1396 Words   |  6 PagesShelly Pyakurel Ellen Stockstill English 4 DC 27 April 2015 Research Paper Heart of Darkness is a novel by Joseph Conrad that centers on Marlow, a man who goes to the Congo for a job opportunity. He meets a man named Kurtz, who is well known by many. Once he gets to the Congo, he sees colonialism first-hand. He sees that the natives of the country were practically enslaved and forced to work under very harsh conditions. The two major characters of the novel are Marlow and Kurtz. There are many minorRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1552 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowers. Historically, people have been socialized to accept and adhere to these stereotypes. Women have an important role in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Women are used in this novella reflect an important aspect of culture: sexism. Heart of Darkness was originally published in 1898, a period where women were facing especially harsh discrimination. Conrad’s Heart of Darkness tells the story of Marlow, an experienced sea captain, who is setting out on a mission to rescue Kurtz, an intelligent butRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1555 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough the author Joseph Conrad never met the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who died more than a century before Conrad’s birth, their distinct philosophies still have numerous points of intersection, suggesting some fundamental truths within the structure of the human reality. Through the novella, Heart of Darkness, Conrad details his perspectives on the faults of man and reality as a whole, with views often coinciding with many of Leibniz’s own, as found in his numerous philosophicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1233 Words   |  5 PagesImperialism has often been described as a light, a method to guide the uncivilized. However in Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad sheds true light on the subjec t. In the novel, Conrad exposes the situation in Congo during the era of Imperialism for the Europeans. Conrad reveals the exploitation of the natives through a tale of Marlow, an introspective sailor, and his nightmarish journey up the Congo River to meet a reputable European trader, Kurtz. As the life of the great Kurtz comes to a close, theRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness963 Words   |  4 Pagespeople. Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, can be criticised through many different lenses. Though Natives are a large part of Conrad’s narrative of European atrocities in the Congo, his treatment of Congolese Natives throughout the book show them to be nothing more than props. Conrad skews Natives language, culture and intelligence to fit Europeans schema for Africa and Africans. Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is placed in a colonized Congo. ...despite Heart of Darkness s (Joseph Conrad) obviousRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1080 Words   |  5 Pages1 Kathrine Carrasquillo Dr. David Mulry Engl 2112 Feb 13, 2017 Who is Mr. Kurtz, and what does Conrad use him for? Mr. Kurtz is the main character in Joseph Conrad s English novella, Heart of Darkness. There is no proof that Mr. Kurtz is based on a real person, so it is assumed that he is a made up character. When Mr. Kurtz is first introduced the audience learns that he is a Belgian ivory trader and he was sent to Africa by his employer for work. At first glance, Mr. Kurtz just represents a normalRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness 2026 Words   |  9 Pages Ryan Li 7/22/17 AP Lit/Comp Summer Reading Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness is written by Joseph Conrad and published in 1899. It is a novella written in the early modernism literary period. Joseph Conrad was born as Jà ³zef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski on December three 1857 in Berdichev, Ukraine to Polish parents. He was raised and educated in Poland. After his career is the seafarer in the French and British merchant Marines, he wrote short stories which he used his experiences

International Students Experience at Bluefield State College free essay sample

As a former international student of Bluefield State College, I want to thank the administration for great support and faculty stuff for outstanding academic experience during past two years. I know that you have biggest interest in well-being of foreign students. Your first priority always was to provide the best experience and support in any situation to every student on campus. The main purpose of this proposal is to make international students feel more comfortable and confident while at Bluefield State College. There are few difficulties that international students go through by arriving to college. First is a language barrier, which affects foreign students’ academic and social success. Second is cultural adaptation, which slower students’ transition into the new culture and understanding of local traditions. Third is the distance from a family which makes it hard for a student to go through some difficulties, when family can’t give any suggestion in a different situation due to cultural differences. Development of international student support center would help students to adapt to a new education system and culture faster. Organization of mix cultural events on campus would help make friends among the local population and help in cultural transition. Mentoring would give support to situations when family couldn’t help and improve academic results. I believe that if the administration will take all this concerns under consideration and implement some of the suggestions; it will drive up the retention of international students as well as new recruitment and overall satisfaction of foreign students. Sincerely, This proposal will identify different symptoms that dictate experience of international students at the university. Research will describe arguments like language barrier, cultural differences, distance from the family and social interaction in great details. Another helpful aspect of this paper is to suggest solutions to all the arguments. Developing international student’s center will improve foreign students’ satisfaction with a college experience. This proposal will explain how mentoring, counseling and cultural exchange events will improve students experience and academic success. Introduction Every school wants to be recognized not only locally but also worldwide. Schools try to attract student from all over the world by giving scholarships to foreign students, or contracting with international schools on exchange programs. It is a challenge to bring international students to college in the United States, but the most important task is to make foreign students feel like they didn’t leave home, or they aren’t that far from it. Every institution would like to see each international student successfully get a degree and leave school with the best experience. I want to address problems and needs of international students, when they choose to come to colleges in the United States. The best example would be Bluefield State College, which I attended as an international student. Bluefield State College is a small school in Bluefield, West Virginia. Population of the college is mostly local residents. There is no campus housing, or transportation provided by the school, which makes it inconvenient for students. Unsafe surrounding is another downsize, there were a few incidents including shooting and fighting. College is known for their good engineering and nursing programs, in addition to a few others. The biggest downsize is that Bluefield State College doesn’t have International Center. When it comes to international students, there is a lot that needs to be taken under consideration like the language barrier, cultural differences, social life, and distance from the family. Development of an international support center will improve international students’ assimilation, facilitate intercultural engagement and promote academic success. Arguments a. Language barrier The level of English proficiency is very low, when international students first arrive to school in the United States. It becomes the biggest obstacle n communication. It also affects students’ confidence. Some students scared to say something incorrect, or being misunderstood. The main purpose of international students of studying in the United States is to exchange cultural experience, make new friends and receive worldwide accepted degree. One of the articles shows due to limited English many stu dents shut down, they choose to stay in the room and communicate with peers who are from the same geographic background (McLachlan amp; Justice, 2009). Foreign students decide to socialize among each other because they have a lot of things in common. Majority of international students is from Saudi Arabia at Bluefield State College. It makes it easier for them to communicate among each other, the cultural difference not that visible, which makes them feel like they have never left home. There is a major downsize in the situation like that, English proficiency of these students doesn’t improve, and they don’t get complete experience in cultural exchange. Sovic (2009) article makes it clear from international students’ interviews that home students don’t want to interact with foreigners because of their language proficiency. They feel like it takes too long for international students to express their ideas, and they ask few times to repeat, because of the language, slang, and humor (Sovic, 2009). Language proficiency has a huge effect on academic success. First international students have to adjust to the education system, difference in the grading scale, and professors’ way of teaching classes. Another problem arises, when students have to follow a professor and take notes in a different language. Some professors require participation in class. A lot of international students don’t feel comfortable to speak up during a class session, because of the accent. They feel that they will be misunderstood. If students don’t participate in discussions, it counts against their grade. The main obstacle is to writing, it is already hard to write a research paper that would meet higher education standards, but it is twice harder to write it in a different language. Research article proves that local students had better academic results during first and second years in university than international students. However, article shows that the problem is not just language barrier, but also difference in culture. Students speaking a different language family, differently adjusting to understanding and learning English (Mann, Canny, Lindley amp; Rajan, 2010). That means that international students have to spend twice more time in order to get the same results as home students. This gives even less time for socializing. b. Cultural difference Cultural difference is another obstacle that foreign students have to adjust. The article explains crucial point of every foreign student’s unique background (Wedding, McCartney amp; Currey, 2009). Depending on the country of origin, some students take longer than other to adapt to the American culture. For example, Asian students find it very difficult to get used to American food, so they don’t go to the school cafeteria, where there is just local food. Asian students are trying to find stores or places where they could get and cook homemade food. Another aspect of the cultural differences is religion. For example, Arabian students have different holidays, which dictate what time they can have classes, receive food, or pray. They have to readjust, because universities’ schedule in the United States doesn’t include any of it. Another critical cultural group is students from India and surrounding India countries. According to their religion, students can’t eat beef, because a cow is saint animal. Most of products in the United States are made from beef; some of the Indian students not realizing that in the first couple weeks eat beef produced products. Many American holidays are different from other countries. Sports play a great part in American culture. Sports are very common topic among American students. There is many more like fashion and music differences. Silvia Sovic (2009) suggests in her article that acculturation is very important in foreign students’ social lives. c. Distance from family Many of the students are just graduated from high school, used to their family being around. Moving away from home to college makes it very complicated. Students have to learn how to organize their day, control time, cooking, doing laundry. One of the studies explains common problems that foreign and home students go through during the first couple semesters at school. Both groups have to adjust to new academic system, independence, distance from family. Also, it shows other challenges that only international students’ experience. They have to deal with all the legal requirements, acculturation, and language barrier (Wedding, McCartney amp; Currey, 2009). Many of international students are facing some problems, where their parents can’t help them. Families are not familiar with the system, economic situation. Another research suggests that family and high school friends are the main support during the first couple weeks at college (Sherry, Thomas amp; Wing Hong, 2010). That proves that international students don’t have that support during first weeks at college. d. Social interaction Another very important challenge is social interaction. Many international students find it is very hard to start talking to home students. There is a different reason that leads to isolation of international students from American peers. Article explains that language barrier, cultural difference as well as the difference in age makes it hard to communicate with home students (Wei, Ku, Russell, Liao amp; Mallinckrodt, 2008). Similar age problem mentioned in Sovic (2009) article: many international students are older and have one or two undergraduate degrees, so it is hard to find common interests with local students and keep the dialogue going. Recommendations Every school should have an international center, where foreign students could seek for a help, support, or suggestion. There is an international center where there is a big international students’ population at schools. These international centers provide students with advice in different situations answer all legal questions, help to interact with other international students. I believe that every school who has international students, has to have international center in order to satisfy basic needs of the foreign students. a. Mentoring I believe that student-mentors would help international students in academic level also in social life. If an international student would have an American mentor, it will help them to improve their English proficiency. Foreign students will feel more confident to interact with an American mentor, then with regular student at first. Mentor wouldn’t mind to repeat phrases multiple times, or explain some situations, that international students wouldn’t understand. Mentors could introduce international students to their friends. One of the researches shows that students’ responds were very positive towards endorsing mentoring system in universities. They said that professors/mentors shared information on working as a teacher in American education system. Majority said that it helped them to make new friends through the meetings, which helped them to improve their English skills and easier adapt to the new environment. Students said that professors paid attention to difficulties that they had, which showed to students that faculty cares about them. All that made foreign students feels more confident and comfortable (Ku, Lahman, Yeh amp; Cheng, 2008; Sato amp; Hodge, 2009). b. Counseling services Endorsing counseling services could help not only assist international students, but also help universities better understand international students and what they are going through while at school. Counseling services will analyze each international student’s unique background and needs. Depending on a student’s cultural background counselors could come up with different programs in order to ease students’ transition into a new environment. I found research article that gives great examples of situations that international students experience in any institution. Concentrating on place of origin, culture, gender, age, counseling would be a great solution at meeting international students’ needs, helping them overcome any obstacles, and facilitating intercultural engagement (Tidwell amp; Hanassab, 2007). If consular group at every institution would hold that type of research, it will prepare university for new coming international students. Counselors’ task is not only to understand foreign students’ difficulties, but also understand their own culture and understand the difference between them. By completion of that task, it would be much easier to help foreign students introduce American culture and help them with transaction. Olivas and Li (2006) research suggests organizing events where local students could communicate with international students. Mixing or cultural exchange would help both group of students in developing new connections and developing new relationships. Paper suggests each university to do research on counseling programs (Olivas amp; Li, 2006). c. Pre-entry English courses Pre-entry English courses will better prepare international students for starting college. It will improve their English proficiency. These classes could give them better idea of the education system with no pressure of grading. It will allow them to come to the university in advance and get familiarize with surrounding. Helen Benzie (2010) suggests that pre-entry English courses will help students not only improve English level; it will give them opportunity to start adjusting to a new culture and socialize with local students before school semester starts. d. Intercultural events I believe that if a school or international center would organize more events, where international students would interact with home students, it will help to create friendship among different groups. Intercultural classes, where home students could learn about foreign cultures and international students would learn about local culture. One of the articles provides information on the culture mixing events. Mixing activities, where students with different background interact with each other, helps all cultural groups better understand each other (Mackay, Harding, Jurlina, Scobie amp; Khan,2011). Conclusion All information above indicates that all international students no matter what country they choose to get Higher Education from experience the same challenges. Every school has to consider these challenges and help foreign students overcome these difficulties, or try to make it less noticeable. Mentoring, counseling, host family programs are the most popular and effective ways to help students when they are going through acculturation. Organizing social events where international and local students could mix and interact outside of an academic environment. If every school would apply knowledge about foreign students’ unique needs, it would help not only students but also schools to develop future international connections.

The Science Of Superstitions Essay Example For Students

The Science Of Superstitions Essay a href=http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesThe debate between realism and anti-realism is, at least, a century old. Does Science describe the real world or are its theories true only within a certain conceptual framework? Is science only instrumental or empirically adequate or is there more to it than that? Jose Ortega y Gasset said (in an unrelated exchange) that all ideas stem from pre-rational beliefs. William James concurred by saying that accepting a truth often requires an act of will which goes beyond facts and into the realm of feelings. Maybe so, but is there is little doubt today that beliefs are somehow involved in the formation of many scientific ideas, if not of the very endeavour of Science. After all, Science is a human activity and humans always believe that things exist (=are true) or could be true. We will write a custom essay on The Science Of Superstitions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A distinction is traditionally made between believing in somethings existence, truth, value of appropriateness (this is the way that it ought to be) and believing that something. The latter is a propositional attitude: we think that something, we wish that something, we feel that something and we believe that something. Believing in A and believing that A are different. It is reasonable to assume that belief is a limited affair. Few of us would tend to believe in contradictions and falsehoods. Catholic theologians talk about explicit belief (in something which is known to the believer to be true) versus implicit one (in the known consequences of something whose truth cannot be known). Truly, we believe in the probability of something (we, thus, express an opinion) or in its certain existence (truth). All humans believe in the existence of connections or relationships between things. This is not something which can be proven or proven false (to use Poppers test). That things consistently follow each other does not prove they are related in any objective, real, manner except in our minds. This belief in some order (if we define order as permanent relations between separate physical or abstract entities) permeates both Science and Superstition. They both believe that there must be and is a connection between things out there. Science limits itself and believes that only certain entities inter-relate within well defined conceptual frames (called theories). Not everything has the potential to connect to everything else. Entities are discriminated, differentiated, classified and assimilated in worldviews in accordance with the types of connections that they forge with each other. Moreover, Science believes that it has a set of very effective tools to diagnose, distinguish, observe and describe these relationships. It proves its point by issuing highly accurate predictions based on the relationships discerned through the use of said tools. Science (mostly) claims that these connections are true in the sense that they are certain not probable. The cycle of formulation, prediction and falsification (or proof) is the core of the human scientific activity. Alleged connections that cannot be captured in these nets of reasoning are cast out either as hypothetical or as false. In other words : Science defines relations between entities as relations between entities which have been established and tested using the scientific apparatus and arsenal of tools. This, admittedly, is a very cyclical argument, as close to tautology as it gets. Superstition is a much simpler matter: everything is connected to everything in ways unbeknown to us. We can only witness the results of these subterranean currents and deduce the existence of such currents from the observable flotsam. The planets influence our lives, dry coffee sediments contain information about the future, black cats portend disasters, certain dates are propitious, certain numbers are to be avoided. The world is unsafe because it can never be fathomed. But the fact that we limited as we are cannot learn about a hidden connection should not imply that it does not exist. Science believes in two categories of relationships between entities (physical and abstract alike). .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840 , .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840 .postImageUrl , .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840 , .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840:hover , .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840:visited , .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840:active { border:0!important; } .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840:active , .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840 .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf30250748eb17b9ad61cda258e5a8840:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sigmund Freud Psychosexual Theory Essay The one is the category of direct links the other that of links through a third entity. In the first case, A and B are seen to be directly related. In the second case, there is no apparent link between A and B, but a third entity, C could well provide such a connection (for instance, if A and B are parts of C or are separately, but concurrently somehow influenced by it). Each of these two categories is divided to three subcategories : causal relationships, functional relationships and correlative relationship. A and B will be said to be causally related if A precedes B, B never occurs if A does not precede it and always occurs after A occurs. To the discerning eye, this would seem to be a relationship of correlation (whenever A happens B happens) and this is true. Causation is subsumed by a the 1.0 correlation relationship category. In other words : it is a private case of the more general case of correlation. A and B are functionally related if B can be predicted by assuming A but we have no way of establishing the truth value of A. The latter is a postulate or axiom. The time dependent Schrodinger Equation is a postulate (cannot be derived, it is only reasonable). Still, it is the dynamic laws underlying wave mechanics, an integral part of quantum mechanics, the most accurate scientific theory that we have. An unproven, non-derivable equation is related functionally to a host of exceedingly precise statements about the real world (observed experimental results). A and B are correlated if A explains a considerable part of the existence or the nature of B. It is then clear that A and B are related. Evolution has equipped us with highly developed correlation mechanisms because they are efficient in insuring survival. To see a tiger and to associate the awesome sight with a sound is very useful. Still, we cannot state with any modicum of certainty that we possess all the conceivable tools for the detection, description, analysis and utilization of relations between entities. Put differently: we cannot say that there are no connections that escape the tight nets that we cast in order to capture them. We cannot, for instance, say with any degree of certainty that there are no hyper-structures which would provide new, surprising insights into the interconnectedness of objects in the real world or in our mind. We cannot even say that the epistemological structures with which we were endowed are final or satisfactory. We do not know enough about knowing. Consider the cases of Non-Aristotelian logic formalisms, Non-Euclidean geometries, Newtonian Mechanics and non classical physical theories (the relativity theories and, more so, quantum mechanics and its various interpretations). All of them revealed to us connections which we could not have imagined prior to their appearance. All of them created new tools for the capture of interconnectivity and inter-relatedness. All of them suggested one kind or the other of mental hyper-structures in which new links between entities (hitherto considered disparate) could be established. So far, so good for superstitions. Todays superstition could well become tomorrows Science given the right theoretical developments. The source of the clash lies elsewhere, in the insistence of superstitions upon a causal relation. The general structure of a superstition is: A is caused by B. The causation propagates through unknown (one or more) mechanisms. These mechanisms are unidentified (empirically) or unidentifiable (in principle). For instance, al the mechanisms of causal propagation which are somehow connected to divine powers can never, in principle, be understood (because the true nature of divinity is sealed to human understanding). Thus, superstitions incorporate mechanisms of action which are, either, unknown to Science or are impossible, as far as Science goes. All the action-at-a-distance mechanisms are of the latter type. Parapsychological mechanisms are more of the first kind. The philosophical argument behind superstitions is pretty straightforward and appealing. Perhaps this is the source of their appeal. It goes as follows: There is nothing that can be thought of that is impossible (in all the Universes) There is nothing impossible (in all the Universes) that can be thought of. .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c , .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c .postImageUrl , .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c , .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c:hover , .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c:visited , .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c:active { border:0!important; } .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c:active , .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubf8c569d3b69f48bb385e2d783f62e5c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Personal Observations - At Coopers Rock Essay Everything that can be thought about is, therefore, possible (somewhere in the Universes) Everything that is possible exists (somewhere in the Universes) If something can be thought of (=is possible) and is not known (=proven or observed) yet it is most probably due to the shortcomings of Science and not because it does not exist. Some of these propositions can be easily attacked. For instance: we can think about contradictions and falsehoods but (apart from a form of mental representation) no one will claim that they exist in reality or that they are possible. These statements, though, apply very well to entities, the existe nce of which has yet to be disproved (=not known as false, or whose truth value is uncertain) and to improbable (though possible) things. It is in these formal logical niches that superstition thrives.

The World Distribution of Population Essays

The World Distribution of Population Essays The World Distribution of Population Essay The World Distribution of Population Essay The world distribution of population is as important as the world distribution of areas of tectonic activity in predicting the hazards of volcanic activity. Discuss this statement (40 marks) A hazard is a danger or risk and a natural disaster deals out a great number. It can be hypothesised that the greatest hazards posed by natural disasters are upon humans, so in knowing where populations are located we can predict the risks of volcanic activity. Hence, it appears common sense would dictate the statement to be entirely true, however, with the addition of a distinction between two arguments it is not always the case.The first states that in a dense area the main hazard is high death tolls, infrastructure loss, famine and epidemics, so distribution of population is vitally important, but the second identifies how in areas of sparse population, other severe effects will occur so population distribution is limited in its predictive advantage; additional effects being those on an international scale, environmental and supply side shocks. Population distribution refers to the patterns of people spread across a given area, often associated with population density (the average number of people per square kilometre).The map below shows how populations are mostly concentrated near coastlines and in habitable environments (i.e. Europe rather than the Arctic Circle), overall. Further to this, 50.5% live in urban areas and world population is highly concentrated in areas rich in resources (coal, oil, minerals, fishing) and temperate in climate. The reason being that people need a source of income,provided by natural resources to some extent, whilst temperate climates provide rain and heat for growing crops, essential for emerging developing economies and previously vital for the developed economies whose focuses now lie in secondary, tertiary or quaternary sectors.Tectonic activity distribution refers to how the movements in the Earths plates lead to distinctive areas and patterns where seismic activity occurs, leading to events such as tsunamis, volcanoes and earthquakes. In the map below, it is evident that these features of tectonic activity, occur along plate boundaries as these are the causation for seismic activity. A particularly area of distribution is the Ring of Fire because it exemplifies the connection between the risks associated with high density areas of population and seismic activity combined.In laying home to over 800 million people, 90% of world earthquake activity and 50% of the worlds active volcanoes; the links between the two variables needed to calculate risk are impossible to ignore. From the detailed comparison of the maps above, the West coasts of South America and North America and the Ring of Fire region have both density of volcanoes and people; strong positive correlation between the two variables implicit of how both are necessary in hazard prediction. However, the volcanoes will always stay in situe so the dynamic changes of population density do appear more dominant in terms of volcanic hazards.In using the population trends stated previously there are a great many factors drawing people into areas of seismic activity so population distribution is only going to increa se in density within seismic prone areas, so human dispersion is vital in recognising both future and current hazards. All preceding knowledge is summed up in Kofi Annans assessment:At no time in human history have so many people lived in cities clustered around seismically active areasPoor land-use planning; environmental mismanagement; and a lack of regulatory mechanisms both increase the risk and exacerbate the effects of disasters, which clearly illustrates the relationship between volcanic disasters, populations, planning and development; demonstrating the vital influence of population change in risk reduction.Furthermore, humans being the victims of the greatest hazard is emphatic given half a billion people live in spitting distance of active volcanoes. Therefore, all such theory leads me to exemplify the two arguments stated previously: In light of the first argument, the main hazard to any natural disaster is humans, so in densely populated areas their location must be take n into account. In the case of the Mount Nyiragongo eruption (Congo), its proximity to the dense population of the city of Goma, 16km south-west of the volcano, increased hazards. With a population of 500,000 people, 147 were killed because the 40mph lava flows reached the densely populated area quickly.1/3 of Goma was destroyed along with 14 villages along the path to Goma, from the Volcano and through the valley. Therefore, such an eruption would have benefited from focus on the population dispersion analysis rather than just when the volcano would erupt because evacuations needed to have been put in place. The pseudo-mathematical equation for risk Risk = Hazard x Value x Vulnerability / Capacity (Value indicating the elements at risk (number of human lives, economic value of property, etc., while vulnerability refers to factors which increase the susceptibility to he impact of hazards) highlights how the number of human lives and property at risk and the susceptibility of these i ndividuals is a bigger factor than the simplicity of seismic activity distribution because the environment can recoup and the volcano is the effector not the effected. More importantly, the density of Value and Vulnerability

Good practice in Teaching and Learning English in English medium and Research Proposal

Good practice in Teaching and Learning English in English medium and Chinese medium schools - Research Proposal Example â€Å"Language learning activities are representative of the diverse social and cultural background knowledge and experience of learners. Language learning activities provide learners the opportunities to assess and negotiate knowledge, concepts and ideas in the light of their own socio-cultural backgrounds† (Ajayi, p.8) The above facts forced non-native English speaking nations to encourage the learning of English by implementing it in their curriculum. â€Å"The need for a common international language with the expansion of a global communication network has made the English the language of choice† (TESOL& Dang, p.9) Postgraduate classes from grades 2001 to 2004 at Capital University of Medical Sciences in Beijing were assigned to study English for Technical Communication, a course that integrated the concepts of technical communication into English for specific purposes. In the survey of Grade 2004, over 96% of the graduates claimed that it was necessary for them to study English for Technical Communication; more than 90% of the students confirmed that the course was practical; and 90% of them claimed that the course had significantly improved their abilities in technical communication. Therefore, introducing technical communication in English for specific purposes would be a feasible way to develop the teaching of technical communication in China. (Duan et al) Even the communist China, started to encourage the learning of English. They have realized the limitations of Chinese language at international level and realized the importance of English for the smooth communication purposes at international level. English learning is not easy for no-native English speakers. Proper teaching strategies are essential for Learning English for Specific Purposes (ESP) especially in China like non-native English speaking countries. Social, cultural and economic factors can affect the teaching and learning of English for

Assess the possible explanation for enduring forms of discrimination Essay

Assess the possible explanation for enduring forms of discrimination at the workplace. Discuss the reasons why employers should - Essay Example Hence, employment defines one’s inclusion or exclusion in social groupings. Other than this, Robinson’s (2013) study also found workplace discrimination to be counterproductive because the bases of hiring, retention, or promotion are bias and tend to be unrelated to productivity. On the contrary on a broader perspective, Burchardt (2000) argues that the more inclusive employment hiring can be; the wider tax base the government can have; and the smaller out-of-work benefit expenditure and the lesser health and social services spending, the government has to give. Therefore, workplace discrimination works not only against employees and the company but the national economy as a whole. Various international and national laws illegalising discrimination at the workplace have been passed and updated to ensure the observance of equality and fairness in workplaces. However, enduring forms of discrimination at workplaces, like race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, disability, and sexual orientation – to which Robinson (2013) simply coined as REGARDS for easier remembering – are consistently confirmed by various studies like those of Pager and Shepherd (2008)

A close focus on act III of The Crucible Essay Example for Free

A close focus on act III of The Crucible Essay The play, The crucible, shows how people react to mass hysteria caused by a group of people, as people did during the McCarthy hearings in the 1950s. The House un-American activities committee searched for communist sympathisers because they were felt to be a threat to the state. Many Americans were wrongly accused of being communist sympathisers and were convicted and sentenced without any real evidence of them having committed a crime. Mere suspicion was classed as evidence. And like the during the witch hunts, anyone who spoke out was accused which made defending yourself a death wish. This is how McCarthyism was linked with the witch-hunts that had taken place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The title of the play describes exactly what was happening at the time of the witch-hunts. A crucible is a container in which metals are heated to extracted the pure element from impurities, and crucible is another word for a cauldron that witches use to brew their magic potions in. So the word crucible could metaphorically be used to explain how the activities in Salem were like a potion brewing in a cauldron with the potion being mixed to separate the witches (impurities) from the good, god-loving citizens (element). The opening scene of the play shows the girls dancing in the woods around a cauldron, they are spotted by Parris who also sees that one of them is naked.  The people of Salem were Puritans and so dancing was perceived as a sin.  The morning after the dancing, two of the youngest girls cannot wake from bed. A doctor is called to help the girls but he cannot diagnose what is wrong with them or how they can be helped, His only advice is to look to the unnatural. The girls do not confess to their activities until Parris confronts them. Abigail says all that they did was dance and strongly denies that any of them were naked, Uncle, we did dance. There is nothin more. I swear it, uncle. Mrs Putnam, the mother of the other ill child, believes that her daughter Ruth and Parriss daughter Bettys illnesses are caused by the devil. Parris calls for Hale who is an expert on demonic arts  Parris is the minister of the Village, much to the Putnams dismay. Mr Putnams brother was in competition with Parris for the position of minister and so the Putnams have a grudge against not only Parris, but the Nurse family who prevented him from being minister and many of there neighbours for various reasons. Especially with Giles Corey who has worked out that the Putnams will do anything to get their hands on other peoples land, This man is killing his neighbours for their land! John Proctor also has a grudge against Parris. Hale arrives in Salem, He is a confident and well education young man who believes he has all the answers. As he is examining Betty Giles Corey distracts him by asking him questions about his wife. Giles says that his wife reads strange books whilst they are in bed and while she is reading, he cannot pray. Hale carries on trying to help Betty with little effect. Parris tells Hale that he thinks he saw a kettle in the grass with the girls in the wood with something moving inside it. Hale questions Abigail but she denies that she drank blood and called the devil. Abigail then realises that if the truth is found out she will get in a lot of trouble and so she passes the blame onto Tituba, Parriss black slave, by saying that Tituba forced her to drink blood and even blames her wicked dreams on the slave. Tituba confesses to save herself from being hung. She mentions four peoples names that she supposedly saw with the devil. Abigail mentions more and more names and then the rest of the girls join in, mentioning the names of anyone they hate, have a grudge against or just dislike. As the girls cried out more names, the hysteria began to grow.  By accusing others of witchcraft they are diverting attention away from their original misdemeanours. We can see that the Proctors relationship is not very strong, they make petty small talk over dinner and dont appear to be happy together. One reason for this may be that Elizabeth has not forgiven John for having an affair with Abigail whilst she was ill.  Whilst Mary was at court with the other girls where people were being tried for witchcraft she made a poppet for Elizabeth. Abigail was sitting next to Mary whilst she made it. By now 39 women had been arrested and Goody Osborn was sentenced to hanging.  Mary, who had always been a very shy, timid girl was now becoming very easily led along by Abigail and just as confused between fact and fantasy as the other girls and. This is apparent when she tells the Proctors that Sarah Good had confessed to having made contact with Lucifer, and that Sarah Goods spirit tried to choke her in the courtroom. Mary then speaks of even more fantasy when she says that terrible stomach pains had been inflicted upon her when she had turned the old woman away whilst she was begging. Mary also accused the old woman of mumbling a spell to her, but Sarah Good claimed it was not a spell, it were her commandments. The court asked her to repeat the commandments, but she could not.

Ernest Hemingway, World War I, and Agnes von Kurowsky :: Biography Biographies Essays

Hemingway, World War I, and Agnes von Kurowsky Hemingway's World War I experiences were the source of much of the legend that later surrounded him. Brave and masculine, he was the writer who really got out there and experienced everything. Wounded in the trenches, decorated for his valour, he then threw himself into a wartime romance with the nurse who was responsible for bringing him back to health, his first love, who later jilted him for an older, aristocratic, man. This report will examine the background to these myths and assess their veracity. It was not long after the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917 that 17 year-old Hemingway, not yet finished high school, first expressed an interest in seeing some action. However his father, keen for him to follow his sister to college, settled for a compromise that saw his brother fix young Ernest up with a job in the Kansas City Star. That November, he told his family that he could not possibly wait more than another year before enlisting, saying "it will be hard enough to stay out until then". Biographer Kenneth S. Lynn argues that for the young Hemingway, the war was like a championship football game, a huge event not to be missed.1 Hemingway's letters of that winter contain references to him attempting to join the army but being refused because of a bad eye. Nobody has been able to find any evidence that such a claim is true. Lynn points to the likely falsity of the claim by mentioning the fact that Harry Truman, who was helpless without his glasses, got past the same army doctors in Kansas City that Hemingway would have had to deal with, and suggests that the prospect of squalor and danger in the trenches did not accord with Hemingway's vision of the great event of his time. At the same time, his reading of Hugh Walpole's The Dark Forest the previous year made him aware of another, heroic, and far less dangerous way of seeing the war - the Red Cross. Ernest and his friend Ted Brumback volunteered for the Red Cross in early January and in April they were assigned as second lieutenants in an ambulance unit in Italy. They were issued a regular US Army officer's uniform with full insignia, and Ernest made the most of the fact that real army privates and non-commissioned officers had to salute him, in one instance counting 367 salutes as he walked up and down Broadway. Ernest Hemingway, World War I, and Agnes von Kurowsky :: Biography Biographies Essays Hemingway, World War I, and Agnes von Kurowsky Hemingway's World War I experiences were the source of much of the legend that later surrounded him. Brave and masculine, he was the writer who really got out there and experienced everything. Wounded in the trenches, decorated for his valour, he then threw himself into a wartime romance with the nurse who was responsible for bringing him back to health, his first love, who later jilted him for an older, aristocratic, man. This report will examine the background to these myths and assess their veracity. It was not long after the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917 that 17 year-old Hemingway, not yet finished high school, first expressed an interest in seeing some action. However his father, keen for him to follow his sister to college, settled for a compromise that saw his brother fix young Ernest up with a job in the Kansas City Star. That November, he told his family that he could not possibly wait more than another year before enlisting, saying "it will be hard enough to stay out until then". Biographer Kenneth S. Lynn argues that for the young Hemingway, the war was like a championship football game, a huge event not to be missed.1 Hemingway's letters of that winter contain references to him attempting to join the army but being refused because of a bad eye. Nobody has been able to find any evidence that such a claim is true. Lynn points to the likely falsity of the claim by mentioning the fact that Harry Truman, who was helpless without his glasses, got past the same army doctors in Kansas City that Hemingway would have had to deal with, and suggests that the prospect of squalor and danger in the trenches did not accord with Hemingway's vision of the great event of his time. At the same time, his reading of Hugh Walpole's The Dark Forest the previous year made him aware of another, heroic, and far less dangerous way of seeing the war - the Red Cross. Ernest and his friend Ted Brumback volunteered for the Red Cross in early January and in April they were assigned as second lieutenants in an ambulance unit in Italy. They were issued a regular US Army officer's uniform with full insignia, and Ernest made the most of the fact that real army privates and non-commissioned officers had to salute him, in one instance counting 367 salutes as he walked up and down Broadway.

Concept of Love Essay

Love is a complex emotion of attachment and sometimes obsession. It cannot be classified so easily, though; it cannot be stuffed into a social concept and left there. Some people search for what seems their whole lifetime for love, whereas others may seem to fall in and out of love on a regular basis. Of course, people can love many things, but the love between two people is unique and special. It is a feeling of trust and wholeness. Love is rarely defined because everyone experiences it differently. What one person thinks is love, another may think is craze or vice versa. How does one know he or she is in love? How is it possible to distinguish between the love of romance and the love shared between friends? In order to understand love, people need to first understand the two major types of love which can be described as romantic love and friendship love. People often define romantic love based on its difference from friendship love. Would you kiss your best friend? Perhaps, but it is not necessarily the things you do with your romantic partner that makes your love spark. Romantic lovers are usually on each other’s minds all the time. Couples make large life decisions based on their romantic partners because they cannot imagine life without those people. Romantic love guides a person’s mind and can sometimes cloud it as to what the right decisions might be. After all, romantic love can be extremely selfless. Friendship love can often turn into romantic love, as it has many times throughout history, but the birth of romantic love between friends will often kill the love of friendship. In other words, friends who become romantic lovers rarely can go back to being â€Å"just friends. Why is it that romantic love is so overpowering? The love of friendship can be very strong, but it is the emotional intensity of romantic love that forever changes the simplicity of the love between friends. Friendship love does not have all the same guidelines that romantic love seems to have. Each friend couple may have a unique kind of love between each other. Friendship love is best described as a warm feeling between people. Girlfriends may have different friendship love for each other than a male and female friend pair may have; the same for male friends. Male and Female friends may sometimes undergo a lot of pressure from other friends and family to turn their friendship love into romantic love, which doesn’t always work. There is a line that friends may cross over, and to know that line is to know the difference between romantic and friendship love. Friends have complete trust for someone and naturally want to be around him/her. People who love each other want to make each other happy; they want to be there as confidants, helpers, and company. Friendship love is often compared to the love between siblings as well. In many cases, a sibling is just as good a friend as any. Society will not accept romantic love between relatives, but friendship love is encouraged and an amazing aspect to have. Everybody experiences love in a different way and may not agree with the concepts that it is dealt with. In the end, it does not matter whether or not the kind of love someone feels fits into any category. Love is personal, and the important thing is, is that it makes people happy and feels cared for. Whether people have romantic or friendship love, love is meant to mean that it is an emotion of a strong affection and personal attachment, and a virtue representing all of human kindness, compassion, and affection.

Symbolism and Irony Used in Edgar Allan Poes The Cask of...

Edgar Allan Poe uses symbolism and irony in unison throughout â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† to demonstrate Montresor’s villainous intentions. As the narrator, Montresor explains that although a friend named Fortunato has insulted him and deserves to be avenged. However, he has hidden his goal from Fortunato, giving no â€Å"cause to doubt [his] good will.† Montresor, aware of Fortunato’s influence, knows he must â€Å"not only punish, but punish with impunity.† Instead, he lures Fortunato to his grave with the promise of fine wine. The victim’s name, Fortunato, meaning â€Å"fortunate,† is ironic as he proves to be an unsuspecting and quite unfortunate character. Fortunato’s apparel, a motley outfit and bells on his head, ironically portrays the fool Montresor ultimately makes of him in his wicked plan. Upon meeting at the carnival, symbolic of a joyous and lively event, Montresor finds himself gleaming with delight at Fortunato’s intoxication, saying â€Å"my dear Fortunato, you are luckily met.† To this Fortunato assumed friendship and acceptance. Rather, Montresor is merely excited only because he can now accomplish his murderous revenge on his unsuspecting victim. Additionally, the word â€Å"lucky† refers to the meaning of Fortunato’s name, but also ironically to the man’s eventual horrific fate. When the two pushed further into the vaults, Fortunato had reoccurring cough attacks, one of which Montresor warns â€Å"go back; your health is precious. You are respected, admired, beloved; you areShow MoreRelatedThe Theme of Revenge in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is a frightening and entertaining short story about the severe consequences that result from persistent mockery and an unforgiving heart. Poe’s excellent use of Gothicism within the story sets the perfect tone for a dark and sinister plot of murder to unfold. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† simply overflows with various themes and other literary elements that result from Poe’s Gothic style of writing. Of these various themes, one that tends to dominant the storyRead MoreThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe836 Words   |  3 Pages Symbolism is the use of objects to represent ideas or quali ties in the story. In the story many things are used as symbols such as the actual cask of amontillado, the trowel, the jester costume and the setting in which there is two in the story. Another literary technique used significantly in the story is irony. Irony is the expression of ones meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite. In the short story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† Montresor a very troubled manRead MoreThe Casket Of Amontillado . Edgar Allan Poe’S â€Å"The Cask1680 Words   |  7 PagesThe Casket of Amontillado Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is a short story illustrating how pride leads to the downfall of two men. At the story’s heart is the tale of Montresor, the protagonist, getting revenge on a former friend, Fortunato. Poe’s characterization of Montresor shows a sinister, proud man, obsessed not only with his revenge but also not getting punished himself. â€Å"It must be a perfect revenge, one in which Fortunato will know fully what is happening to him and in whichRead MoreHow The Cask of Amontillado Uses Symbolism and Irony1291 Words   |  6 Pages Often, writers use symbolism to describe an object with more clarity to the reader. It provides additional layers of meaning to a text. Symbolism is not only important in literature but is also important in everyday life. For instance, symbolism is found in colors, objects, and on flowers. For example a rose can represent love and romance. Symbolism is used in literature, movies, and even on street signs. Such as the colors in the street light: red means stop, yellow means slow down, and the greenRead MoreRole of Realism in Edagar Allan Poe ´s The Tell Tale Heart and The Cask of Amortillado1014 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† written by Edgar Allan Poe are dark short stories relevant to murder, revenge, and mystery. Poe writes both stories in a Gothic style in order to deal with ideas of realism. One may ask were the murders and punishments justifiable in either short story? One may also ask did Poe accurately depict realism in each story? Realism, defined as a technique in literature that accurately represents everyday life, is questioned in Poe’s works: â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Cask ofRead MoreExamples of Irony and Symbolism in The Cask of Amontillado1334 Words   |  6 PagesWriters often use symbolism in the story to give a more vivid description rather than just saying, pictures are a perfect example. S ymbolism is the art of using any object, place, name or anything that represents something rather than its original meaning. A good example can be a roller coaster because it indicates that there will be ups in downs in life. Another example is the color Red this color can symbolize blood, passion or danger. Irony is another technique used in the story to give it a betterRead MoreGothic Literature : The Dark Side Of Romanticism1518 Words   |  7 PagesGothic literature is the dark side of Romanticism. The theme of Gothic stories is either mysterious, horror, or even death. 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The major themes of these stories differ significantly, as does the emphasis placed on each character which dealt more to The Cask of Amontillado† than to â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† Regardless of this, the stories are similar in many ways. For instance, both belong to the literacy of the